The SpotLight Kenya

The rate of reaction of a particular reaction often increases as one increase the temperature. However, how can this belief be proved using Arrhenius equation? According to the Arrhenius equation, the rate constant (k) is obtained by the ratio of Ea to RT, in which Ea denotes required energy while RT is the available thermal energy. The Arrhenius Equation is given by: k=Ae - (Ea/RT) When Ea is larger, it results in slower reactions. On the other hand, when RT is large, it leads to faster rate of reaction. Larger Ea gives smaller rate constant k, but larger RT produces larger rate constant (k). Larger rate constant increases the rate of reactions.  By using Arrhenius equation, one can easily see that when the temperature is increased, the rate constant will also increase. Let us consider these two scenarios. In the first scenario, Ea=120,000 Joules/mole, R=8.31 mol -1 K -1 , and K=373K.In the second scenario, Ea=120,000Joules/mole, R=8.31 mol -1 K -1 , and K...

Heart anatomy overview Heart anatomy is looked from the right side of the supine patient using a median sternotomy incision. The heart structures which are always seen at this viewpoint encompass the aorta, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle and superior vena cava. The medial movement of the heart on the right side shows the right pulmonary veins and right atrium. While medial movement on the left side of the heart reveals the left pulmonary veins, left ventricle apex and left atrium. Posterior view  Summary of a case Study The case study is about Dr. Baker and Tiffany, a mother of a son(Caleb) who has cardiac problems. Caleb appeared to be breathing too hard and was unable to eat. Tiffany did not understand the condition of her son. She tried all methods which could assist her son. However, all were not successful. She became aware of Caleb’s condition when she brought him for his one-month check-up. Dr. Baker checked Caleb for a full day of m...

The Scientific method consists of six stages. These steps are research question identification, literature review, hypothesis formulation, variables operationalization, data collection, data analysis and testing of hypothesis. Research question identification It is the initial stage of a scientific method. The researcher may have several questions about a topic. However, not all these questions can result in scientific research. Researcher should choose research questions that can sufficiently provide information about the researcher’s topic of interest. Literature review  This the second stage of a scientific method. Researchers have to inform themselves satisfactorily. They can only achieve this by examining relevant literature related to their topics of interest. This stage helps the researcher to learn more from already known information about interest topics. Furthermore, it aids them in coming up with new research questions. Hypothesis formulation This is ...

I nfidelity in human relationships maybe as a result of genetic influence, research reveals.  Various studies have linked infidelity in human relationships to a particular type of gene, AVPR1A variation. Researchers discovered that the human version of AVPR1A examination in volves, appear to have adverse impacts on men’s relationships with their partners. Volves are mouse-like animals. According to research conducted by Jenae Neiderhiser and colleagues indicates that men who are in a stable relationship for at least five years and have one or two copies of ‘allele 334’ seem to be less bonded to their wives as compared to men who possess other types of genes. Janae Neiderhiser is a professor of psychology at Penn State. Besides, their findings show that women who were in a relationship with these men reported less cohesion, consensus, and affection in their relationships. Surprisingly, these women reported high levels of marital satisfaction as compared to women in ...

Sometimes it becomes a tiresome job for a real estate investor to differentiate between good and bad property deals. In many instances, several investors land on bad deals. But with the numbers in the pro forma and the aid of Real Estate Evaluator , the quest process is always successful. Pro forma contains many items; however, one should pay attention to the following for a good deal. Location Location indicates whether the deal is good or not. The property which is located away from the main business hub often has low prices. Properties in the upscale areas attract high prices. A property with lower prices than average prices in a particular area is recommended. Price per square foot or cost per unit When comparing properties with many units, price unit or cost per square foot is important. In some situations, a buyer can find a deal with high cost per unit. Nevertheless, when the units of a property are larger and with good footage than the average units in the area,...

Alcohol is one of top three problems in public health. It is the third global leading cause of premature death and ill-health. For, instance, in Europe, ethanol (alcohol) is the third risk factor for mortality and disease, after high blood pressure and tobacco. Over the past years, the misuse of therapeutic and the use of illegal drugs have increased significantly. Their effects are evidenced in different parts of the world. The adverse effects of substance abuse and alcohol cannot be accentuated. Every community is fighting it. According to research (KMS workers based in Nairobi) conducted by  Pamela N. Kaithuru , the Catholic University of Eastern Africa in Kenya reveals that 33% of workers drink alcohol. She further argues that alcohol has an effect on the quality and rate of work.  49% of interviewees agreed that alcohol results in reduced work rate and poor quality of work. According to  NACADA (National Agency for Campaign Against Drugs Authority)...

Giving your child brighter future is the most important thing in one's life. In this age there are various  ways you can make the future of your child brighter, for instance, providing your child with the quality of education. The most viable method you can ensure you child gets a quality education is by having a plan how to fund his or her future education. Funding child's future education without problems in the future can be achieved through insurance companies or other investments. There are various insurance companies in Kenya which offer Education Plan . However, some have advantages over others regarding service delivery to their customers.  DOWNLOAD THE LIST HERE , it encompasses top seven insurance companies in Kenya that provide Education Plan. The list also consists of policy description and benefits of some Education Plans offered by these companies. Before one chooses any Education Plan from any   insurance company in Kenya , one should know the ...

Preparation of sugar canes takes place in a Pre-mill section in sugar processing industries. Preparation involves; cutting sugar canes into small pieces by cutters and shredders. This prepares sugar canes for milling to ensure maximum extraction of juice from the canes. Reducing sugar canes into small pieces increases their surface area hence enables the mills to press them against each other to extract maximum sugar juice. In most sugar processing industries, there are two cutters or shredders (first and second). The first cutter deals with cutting sugar canes into small pieces. On the other hand, second cutter tenders or masks the sugar canes into sugar cane fibres. Main and Auxiliary Cane Carriers transport sugar canes from pre-mills to mills. Auxiliary Cane Carrier starts from the Cane Tables. The Main Cane Carrier commences from cutters (1 and 2). Along the Main Cane Carrier from cutter two, there is a presence of permanent magnet which traps any magnetic materials tha...

  These are some of the plant parts (leaves, roots, bark, etc.) people should avoid during the time of pregnancy. Bold-there is less research on its adverse effects during pregnancy. However, it can affect the fetus. Coffee tree-it reduces the growth of fetal. Licorice-when used for an extended period it causes hypertension. Mugwort- it leads to the risk of abortion and emmenagogue (upsurges menstrual flow. Pomegranate-its bark contains toxic alkaloids, hence can cause fetal alteration. Parsley- it can result in a risk of abortion and emmenagogue. Rhubarb- it causes congestion of the pelvic, and it is purgative. Sage- it stimulates the release of oxytocin and also causes the contraction of the uterus. Saffron-when taken to a high dosages results in abortion risks. Tansy- stimulates the menstrual flow and abortion risks. Jalap- it is purgative, it causes risk of abortion and increases the menstrual flow. Fraxinella- it upsurges the menstrual flow and abort...

A diagram below outlines the steps for development of a new drug. 

Key: E.L-Essence layer F.W- Flora water Process Explanation Flow diagram shows how one can distil essence or essential oil plants’ materials. In the diagram, water is heated to boiling point which in turn heats the plant materials to vaporize active ingredients in them. Water vapor that carries active components of plants’ materials is made to pass through a cooling circuit. Distilled liquid is then steeped where it separates into two layers (fractions):          Flora water           Essence/essential oil Essential oil/essence occurs on upper layer because it is insoluble in water and less dense than flora water. In some circumstances, a small amount of essential exists in flora water. The extracted essence and flora water can be applied in various industrial processes such as in perfumery, cosmetics, and production of soaps etc.

In the human body, phenacetin is metabolized into two compounds, a minor (hydroxamic acid) product and a major product (paracetamol). One of the processes encompasses the replacing ethyl group (CH3CH2-) with a hydrogen atom (H) at carbon number four. The other process involves removal of hydrogen from a nitrogen atom and then replacing it with a hydroxyl group (OH-). The first process results in the formation of paracetamol while the second process leads to the formation of hydroxamic acid. It is believed that hydroxamic acid contributes to the toxicity of phenacetin since it binds strongly to metal ions. The following figure shows what takes place during the phenacetin metabolism process.

Peptic ulcers are wounds that occur in the human lower throat (oesophagus), intestine and stomach. Peptic ulcers are often caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Stomach ulcer common signs are upper abdominal pains, belching, weight loss, poor appetite, and vomiting.  The abdominal pain is always characterized by a dull ache. Some types of foods exacerbate peptic ulcers’ condition while others aid in its healing process. Therefore, people who are suffering from stomach ulcers should strictly follow their diets. The following foods help peptic ulcers’ healing process.  Whole grains Whole grains comprise of low fat and sugar but high fibre which speeds up the ulcer healing process. Whole grains also contain zinc that aid in body’s healing process. Foods that are high in fat spend a lot of time in the stomach, this trigger voluminous production of hydrochloric acid that worsens peptic ulcer conditions. Fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables l...

Introduction Paracetamol is a medicine commonly used as a mild painkiller. It also reduces body temperatures of individuals with fever. Hence, paracetamol has both analgesic and antipyretic properties. How paracetamol was discovered In the 1880s, at the University of Strassburg in the Department of  Internal Medicine , Professor Kussmaul requested two assistants to give patients naphthalene for internal worm treatments. They found that naphthalene had little effects on the internal infections. However, one of the patients reported a high reduction in body temperature. This observation prompted them to do a thorough investigation of the patient. The results of their investigation revealed that the patient was given acetanilide but not naphthalene as result of confusion at the pharmacy. The assistants speedily published the discovery of antipyretic property of  acetanilide . After their publication, acetanilide remained in production and use for several y...

Glucose-6-phosphate from glycogenolysis or from glucose (conversion of glucose to  Glucose-6-phosphate in step number one of glycolytic pathway ) has three fates as shown in the diagram.  

Many people  are always victims of industrially manufactured Viagra. Several deaths have been reported as a result of Viagra (sildenafil). However, these deaths can be avoided by using organically made Viagra or food we eat every day. There are some food substances which can help those people who are suffering from   erectile dysfunction than opting for the sildenafil use. This post addresses how sildenafil is processed, how it functions in the human body, how to make Viagra using watermelon and lemon. It helps those who are suffering from erectile dysfunction to deeply comprehend what they are using to avoid adverse effects of sildenafil. Sildenafil processing The synthesis of the  sildenafil commences with the methylation of hot dimethyl sulfate with the 3-propylrazole-5-carboxylic acid ester. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the mixture to free the acids, a process known as the hydrolysis. Oleum or fuming nitric acid is added to the produc...

Ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas in the Haber Process . The equation for its production is given by;  The forward reaction is exothermic, so, according to the Le Chatelier's Principle  low temperature will favor forward reaction. But Lower temperatures decrease the reaction rates and for maximum yield of ammonia, temperatures between 380 and 450-degree centigrade are used.    Recommendation:   Writelearnearn When you are provided with the following data and you are required to plot a graph of temperature versus equilibrium. Describe the shape of the graph for ammonia production.  What can you predict from the graph? From the graph, as the temperature increases, the equilibrium drops abruptly according to the Van’t Hoff Equation. Van’t Hoff equation is an equation that shows the relationship among the temperature (T), equilibrium constant (Kq) changes and particular change in standard enthalpy. Th...