Steps involved in developing a new drug


A diagram below outlines the steps for development of a new drug. 

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Roles of Sodium Carbonate when Extracting Caffeine from Tea Leaves

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A student failed to add sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) when extracting caffeine from tea leaves with hot water. Though, high yield of caffeine was produced. The crystals melted at temperatures between 202  and 214 degree  Celsius. Explain. This happened because sodium carbonate did not interfere with the caffeine content of the tea leaves. Sodium carbonate (which is a base) deprotonates the phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) (acidic) of tannins rendering them anionic. Hence, making them highly soluble in water, but parsimoniously soluble in methylene chloride. So, if sodium carbonate is not added when extracting caffeine with hot water, the extracted caffeine would also contain tannins. Additionally, sodium carbonate is added during the extraction to keep caffeine (an alkaloid which is an organic base)  in a free base form. It prevents caffeine from reacting with available acid available, which may lead to the formation cation. It reacts with a phenolic h...
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Free TVET CDACC Performance Criteria (PC) for Competency-Based Courses

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Assessment in the Competency-Based Education and Training (CBET) world focuses on what a trainee can demonstrate practically. Performance Criteria (PC) is one of the most significant elements in assessment in the Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council (CDACC) system. A well-organized Performance Criteria is useful in ensuring that trainees are measured against nationally accepted occupational standards regularly. Here, we have free and paid PCs for various career disciplines. Navigate to the course you are teaching and enjoy these free downloadable PCs as well as customized/paid PCs. (1)Applied Sciences  (a) Science Laboratory Technology Levels 5 and 6 PC Weighting Level 6 for Performing Standard Laboratory Practices PC Weighting Level 5 for Maintaining Laboratory Equipment PC Weighting for Perform Chemistry Techniques Level 6 (2)Computer and Informatics  PC Weighting Coming Soon! (3)Mechanical and Automotive Engineering  PC Weighting Coming Soon...
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TVET CDACC Assessment in Kenya: A Complete Guide for Trainees and Trainers

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  Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has become an important pathway for Kenyans seeking practical skills, professional qualifications, and better employment or self-employment opportunities. One of the key institutions involved in the assessment and certification of TVET trainees is the TVET Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council (TVET CDACC) . However, many trainees and trainers do not know how TVET CDACC assessments work, who qualifies to sit for them, how assessments are conducted, or what happens after completion. This guide explains the TVET CDACC assessment process in Kenya in simple, practical terms. Get Free and Premium TVET Resources What Is TVET CDACC? The TVET Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council (TVET CDACC) is a Kenyan state corporation responsible for developing competency-based curricula, assessing candidates, and awarding certificates and diplomas to individuals who demonstrate the required competen...
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