appreciating the world of chemistry and biochemistry : Mass Balance In Juice Treatment(Sugar Processing I...

appreciating the world of chemistry and biochemistry : Mass Balance In Juice Treatment(Sugar Processing I...: In Sugar Processing industry, after clarification in clarifier, mass balance commence(the first recycling scheme in sugar processing industr...

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Roles of Sodium Carbonate when Extracting Caffeine from Tea Leaves

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A student failed to add sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) when extracting caffeine from tea leaves with hot water. Though, high yield of caffeine was produced. The crystals melted at temperatures between 202  and 214 degree  Celsius. Explain. This happened because sodium carbonate did not interfere with the caffeine content of the tea leaves. Sodium carbonate (which is a base) deprotonates the phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) (acidic) of tannins rendering them anionic. Hence, making them highly soluble in water, but parsimoniously soluble in methylene chloride. So, if sodium carbonate is not added when extracting caffeine with hot water, the extracted caffeine would also contain tannins. Additionally, sodium carbonate is added during the extraction to keep caffeine (an alkaloid which is an organic base)  in a free base form. It prevents caffeine from reacting with available acid available, which may lead to the formation cation. It reacts with a phenolic h...
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How to write a Forensic Case Study: Murder of Junko Furuta

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Photo of Junko Furuta  For one to score high marks in a Forensic Case Study, one must  adhere to the following: Background of the case: This section contains details about the crime. It includes; the reasons for committing the offense, the conditions which the crime was committed, the circumstances of the crime scene and clear identification of the suspect(s) and the victim(s). One should ensure that the information in this part gives a precise idea of what the case is all about.   Pick and Write an article on Iwriter Website Evidence: This encompasses the piece of evidence found at the crime scene. The evidence should be described in details, that is, ways in which the evidence was collected, processed and preserved.   Forensic Tests: The tests should be two or more that were used to analyze the evidence. The science or theory of instrumentation used must be described fully.   Results: This consists of a detailed explanation of the forensic ...
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Determination of pKa and pKb Using Acid-Base Titrations Lab Report

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Objectives: This experiment aims at determining the concentration of acid-base equilibrium constants for acetic acid and aqueous ammonia using titration curves.  Introduction: The main objective in the volumetric titration of an acid with a base is the determination of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is a point where the acid has been fully neutralized by the base. One can determine the completeness of the reaction by adding an indicator that changes when the reaction is approaching an equivalence point. Furthermore, the completeness of a reaction can be determined by a pH meter. A pH meter measures the actual pH of the solution during titration.  pH titration curves: In titration curves of a weak acid or a weak base, the equivalence point lies at the midpoint of particular two points. Equivalent point is the inflection point on the titration curve between these points. Once the equivalence point is established, the volume of a titrant used ca...
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