Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy

A diagram below outlines the steps for development of a new drug. 

Key: E.L-Essence layer F.W- Flora water Process Explanation Flow diagram shows how one can distil essence or essential oil plants’ materials. In the diagram, water is heated to boiling point which in turn heats the plant materials to vaporize active ingredients in them. Water vapor that carries active components of plants’ materials is made to pass through a cooling circuit. Distilled liquid is then steeped where it separates into two layers (fractions):          Flora water           Essence/essential oil Essential oil/essence occurs on upper layer because it is insoluble in water and less dense than flora water. In some circumstances, a small amount of essential exists in flora water. The extracted essence and flora water can be applied in various industrial processes such as in perfumery, cosmetics, and production of soaps etc.

In the human body, phenacetin is metabolized into two compounds, a minor (hydroxamic acid) product and a major product (paracetamol). One of the processes encompasses the replacing ethyl group (CH3CH2-) with a hydrogen atom (H) at carbon number four. The other process involves removal of hydrogen from a nitrogen atom and then replacing it with a hydroxyl group (OH-). The first process results in the formation of paracetamol while the second process leads to the formation of hydroxamic acid. It is believed that hydroxamic acid contributes to the toxicity of phenacetin since it binds strongly to metal ions. The following figure shows what takes place during the phenacetin metabolism process.

Peptic ulcers are wounds that occur in the human lower throat (oesophagus), intestine and stomach. Peptic ulcers are often caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Stomach ulcer common signs are upper abdominal pains, belching, weight loss, poor appetite, and vomiting.  The abdominal pain is always characterized by a dull ache. Some types of foods exacerbate peptic ulcers’ condition while others aid in its healing process. Therefore, people who are suffering from stomach ulcers should strictly follow their diets. The following foods help peptic ulcers’ healing process.  Whole grains Whole grains comprise of low fat and sugar but high fibre which speeds up the ulcer healing process. Whole grains also contain zinc that aid in body’s healing process. Foods that are high in fat spend a lot of time in the stomach, this trigger voluminous production of hydrochloric acid that worsens peptic ulcer conditions. Fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables l...

Introduction Paracetamol is a medicine commonly used as a mild painkiller. It also reduces body temperatures of individuals with fever. Hence, paracetamol has both analgesic and antipyretic properties. How paracetamol was discovered In the 1880s, at the University of Strassburg in the Department of  Internal Medicine , Professor Kussmaul requested two assistants to give patients naphthalene for internal worm treatments. They found that naphthalene had little effects on the internal infections. However, one of the patients reported a high reduction in body temperature. This observation prompted them to do a thorough investigation of the patient. The results of their investigation revealed that the patient was given acetanilide but not naphthalene as result of confusion at the pharmacy. The assistants speedily published the discovery of antipyretic property of  acetanilide . After their publication, acetanilide remained in production and use for several y...

Glucose-6-phosphate from glycogenolysis or from glucose (conversion of glucose to  Glucose-6-phosphate in step number one of glycolytic pathway ) has three fates as shown in the diagram.  

Many people  are always victims of industrially manufactured Viagra. Several deaths have been reported as a result of Viagra (sildenafil). However, these deaths can be avoided by using organically made Viagra or food we eat every day. There are some food substances which can help those people who are suffering from   erectile dysfunction than opting for the sildenafil use. This post addresses how sildenafil is processed, how it functions in the human body, how to make Viagra using watermelon and lemon. It helps those who are suffering from erectile dysfunction to deeply comprehend what they are using to avoid adverse effects of sildenafil. Sildenafil processing The synthesis of the  sildenafil commences with the methylation of hot dimethyl sulfate with the 3-propylrazole-5-carboxylic acid ester. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the mixture to free the acids, a process known as the hydrolysis. Oleum or fuming nitric acid is added to the produc...

Ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas in the Haber Process . The equation for its production is given by;  The forward reaction is exothermic, so, according to the Le Chatelier's Principle  low temperature will favor forward reaction. But Lower temperatures decrease the reaction rates and for maximum yield of ammonia, temperatures between 380 and 450-degree centigrade are used.    Recommendation:   Writelearnearn When you are provided with the following data and you are required to plot a graph of temperature versus equilibrium. Describe the shape of the graph for ammonia production.  What can you predict from the graph? From the graph, as the temperature increases, the equilibrium drops abruptly according to the Van’t Hoff Equation. Van’t Hoff equation is an equation that shows the relationship among the temperature (T), equilibrium constant (Kq) changes and particular change in standard enthalpy. Th...

Photo of Junko Furuta  For one to score high marks in a Forensic Case Study, one must  adhere to the following: Background of the case: This section contains details about the crime. It includes; the reasons for committing the offense, the conditions which the crime was committed, the circumstances of the crime scene and clear identification of the suspect(s) and the victim(s). One should ensure that the information in this part gives a precise idea of what the case is all about.   Pick and Write an article on Iwriter Website Evidence: This encompasses the piece of evidence found at the crime scene. The evidence should be described in details, that is, ways in which the evidence was collected, processed and preserved.   Forensic Tests: The tests should be two or more that were used to analyze the evidence. The science or theory of instrumentation used must be described fully.   Results: This consists of a detailed explanation of the forensic ...

A chemist set-up two conical flasks A and B and placed the balloon on the top of each flask to be self-inflated by hydrogen gas being produced during the reaction in the flasks.  In flask A, chemist reacted 5.10g Magnesium with 0.0447 moles of hydrochloric acid. In flask B, the scientist reacted 24.12 grams of Magnesium with 0.998 moles of hydrochloric acid. Which balloon will inflate the most? Explain your answers in details indicating all the calculations.       To answer this question, one must determine the amount of hydrogen gas produced in each flask. The calculations and conclusion are shown below: Flask A Molecular mass of magnesium= 24.30g/mol Given mass of magnesium = 5.10g Molecular mass of hydrogen gas= 2.02g/mol 5.10g Mg *(1mole/24.30g)*(1mole H 2 /1 mole Mg)*(2.02g H 2 / 1mole H 2 ) = 0.42 g H 2 Given HCl= 0.447 mol 0.447 mol HCl *(1 mol H 2 /2 mol HCl)*(2.02 g H2/1 mol H 2 ) = 0.45g H 2 Magnesium is a limiting reactant. 5.1...

Alcohol abuse  is one of the biggest problems affecting people in the community. Its effects are evidenced in our families, workplaces, public, etc.  Alcohol has enslaved and reduced many people to undesirable conditions. Why are some people more addicted to alcohol than others? This article addresses the biochemical reasons to help you understand what you may become if you start drinking alcohol.  Recommendation :  Drug and Alcohol Rehab Resources The isozymes and genetics determine whether one will be an alcoholic or not. What are isozymes? Isozymes are enzymes that catalyze the same reaction though they migrate differently on the electrophoresis . Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged particles based on their charges and weight. The mechanism for the formation of the isozymes encompasses the arrangement of the subunits arising from two genetic loci (ADH 1 and ALDH 2) in various arrangements to form an active polymeric enz...