Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy

A farmer in soil sampling process  Defining the pH of the soil is crucial for a profitable farming. Soil pH helps farmers to know the types of fertilizers and other chemicals they should use in their farms. Furthermore, it assists them in deciding on the best crops that can grow well in their farms. Sadly, most farmers do not determine soil pH before they plant. Failure to carry out a soil pH test before planting always results in poor farm production. But why many farmers are not interested in conducting a soil pH test? The answers to this question hinge on the inadequate information on the soil pH testing and unavailability of soil pH testing kits. As a result of these answers, farmers should equip themselves with the right information to uncover th e obscured facts on soil pH testing. Testing soil pH is not demanding. Any farmer can perform it using readily available materials. This article illustrates how to test soil pH using cheap materials. It entails the brief desc...

Click here to listen to the audio of this article This section is the most demanding part to write. It requires you to prudently think about the results you obtained during the experimental session(s), and relate them to the objectives of the experiment. Besides, it calls for the interpretation and generalization of the results. Therefore, students should relate the experimental results to the scientific knowledge under investigation and the objectives. In some chemistry lab reports especially short lab reports, discussion and conclusion are included in one section. However, in long chemistry lab reports, the discussion and conclusion have their distinctive sections. Let us consider the results (Examples 1 and 2) of the lab report in the previous lesson ( lesson 3 ) to help us write the discussion part of the chemistry lab report. Discussion of example 1: Sodium hydroxide-acetic acid titration curve has a lower initial pH and higher equivalence point as compared t...

Question: A soaper has three types of oils she wants to use in making soap. She wants to make soap with INS factor of 135 and soap which contains 40% of olive oil. She needs your help in calculating the amount of each oil she should use in her soap blend. What are the percentages of palm oil and mutton tallow in her soap blend? Answer: Before you solve this problem you must understand the meaning of INS factor. INS factor is defined as the difference between the iodine number and saponification value. It is crucial in soap making because it helps soapmakers to determine the quality of their soap from the blends of oils. The INS factor varies from 15 to 250. In this question, we know the INS factor (135) of the blend. Besides, we know the percentage (40%) of olive required in the blend. However, we do not know the percentage of palm oil and mutton tallow in the blend, but we know their INS factors (Ongoro, P., 2018, p.g 19). Palm oil has 146 INS factor while mutton tallow h...

Objectives: This experiment aims at determining the concentration of acid-base equilibrium constants for acetic acid and aqueous ammonia using titration curves.  Introduction: The main objective in the volumetric titration of an acid with a base is the determination of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is a point where the acid has been fully neutralized by the base. One can determine the completeness of the reaction by adding an indicator that changes when the reaction is approaching an equivalence point. Furthermore, the completeness of a reaction can be determined by a pH meter. A pH meter measures the actual pH of the solution during titration.  pH titration curves: In titration curves of a weak acid or a weak base, the equivalence point lies at the midpoint of particular two points. Equivalent point is the inflection point on the titration curve between these points. Once the equivalence point is established, the volume of a titrant used ca...

The result section of a chemistry lab report is where you present your results. You can present your results in the form of tables, graphs, and diagrams. Tables, graphs or diagrams must be labeled correctly. You can write a brief description on either top or below of the tables, graphs, and diagrams. However, labeling of your tables and figures depend on the instructions provided by your institution. In addition, you have to briefly describe your results. Though, you should not explain your results in this section. The explanation of your results should be in your discussion part.    Let us check a few examples:  Example 1 An experiment was conducted to determine the concentrations and the acid-base equilibrium constants for acetic acid and aqueous ammonia using titration curves. During the lab session, the following raw data for titration of an acetic acid with sodium hydroxide, and titration of aqueous ammonia with hydrochloric acid, CLICK HERE TO FIN...