Soap making(saponification value, Iodine number, INS factor)

In the previous blog, I discussed some of the terms used in soap making and I also tackled on their applications. It is vital to recognize the fundamental values of saponification value, Iodine number and INS factor of some oils or fats in soap making. The following values mentioned are of countless help to soap maker like you. I’m optimistic this article will impact in your toil and I guarantee you that it will make your work stress-free. Therefore, there will be no need for you to check online calculator to calculate the amount of materials or requirements for soap making.  These values comprise of:
 Oils/fats                               saponification value                    Iodine number               
Palm oil                                   200-205                                     49-59                              
Coconut oil                              251-264                                     8-10                                 
Palm kernel                              248                                            11-15                               
Shea butter                               178-179                                     56-65
Cottonseed oil                          193-195                                     108-110
Animal tallow                          190-199                                     35-46
Vegetable tallow                      192-195                                     40
Lard                                         195                                            59-63
Neem oil                                  186-204                                     69
Groundnut                                186-194                                    90-103
Sunflower                                 189-194                                    126
Castor oil                                  181                                           84.1

The INS factors for some of these oils or fats are as follows;
Oils/fats                                                INS factor
Coconut oil                                            250
Palm kernel oil                                       235
Vegetable tallow                                    165
Mutton tallow                                        155
Beef tallow                                            150
Palm oil                                                 146
Lard                                                      137
Olive oil                                                 108
Cottonseed oil                                       85
Soya bean oil                                         54
Linseed oil                                             15

There some oils like neem oil, which I do believe few soap makers include it in their recipes. For those who are unaware of it, you can check here http://bit.ly/1AdKEgT for more details.   In this table, you can see that knowing the saponification value and Iodine number you can get factor and I hope you understood its effects in blended oil for making soap if you read my previous blog. If you did not, don’t worry just click here http://bit.ly/1BavRhQ .For instance, palm oil has a factor of 146. To obtain this ( factor), you simply subtract (saponification value-205 and its Iodine number-59). This result to 146(205-59), knowing this will really help you in making a superb blend of your soap without worries.
Finally, soap makers should  know that a good soap possess good color, bright appearance and free from objectionable odor, medium hard consistency and produces free and stable lather for a long period of time. In blending, excellent blended oil for saponification must contain a nut oil (coconut oil) or soft oil (groundnut oil) and hard oil (palm oil). This will produce outstanding soap.
Let me wind up by calculating this. A soap maker wants to make a soap using blended oil from the following oils: vegetable tallow, mutton tallow, lard or beef tallow and soya bean oil, linseed oil, cotton seed oil and coconut oil.  The blended oil should contain three oils (that is vegetable tallow and other two of your choice). The blended oils should have INS factor equivalent to INS of vegetable tallow (165) and in the range of INS factor of soap making. In addition to that it must contain 40% of vegetable tallow. Calculate the percentage of oil in the blended oil and the amount of caustic soda to be used. Given that the weight of expected blended oil is 500g. 
Solution
In this question, one needs to choose only two oils from nut oil and soft oil. It is upon the soap maker to know which one is the nut and soft oil. For hard oils, vegetable tallow is fixed. Now, let me assign d to one of the oils of my choice (nut oil and soft oil). In the statement, there is only one nut oil (coconut) and three soft oils (soya bean oil, linseed oil, and cottonseed oil). The task is to choose my preferred soft oil among the three. The trial method will play the major role in this. In this situation, I will test soya bean oil first then the rest of soft oils. Its percentage in the blended oil is ({60-d} %) while that of coconut is d%.
This result into:
(40/100 X INS factor of vegetable tallow) + (d/100 X INS factor of coconut oil) + ({60-d}/100 X INS factor of soya oil) = 165
(40/100 X 165) + (d/100 X 250) + ({60-d}/100 X 54) = 165 
66 + 2.5d + 32.4 – 0.54d = 165
1.96d=66.6
d=66.6/1.96
33.98% of coconut oil
Hence, percentage of soya bean oil is (60-33.98) % =26.02%
For cottonseed oil
Substituting the INS factor of cotton seed oil in place of soy-bean oil gives;
(40/100 X 165) + (d/100 X 250) + ({60-d}/100 X 85) = 165
66 + 2.5d + 51 – 0.85d = 165
1.65d= 48
d= 29.09% of coconut oil and (60-29.09) = 30.91% of cotton seed oil
For linseed oil
Substituting its INS factor in place of cotton seed oil yields;
(40/100 X 165) + (d/100 X 250) + ({60-d}/100 X 15) = 165
66 + 2.5d + 9 – 0.15d = 165
2.35d=90
d=90/2.35
d= 38.3% of coconut oil and (60-38.3) = 21.7% of linseed oil
From the calculations, all soft oils are suitable in the blending of oil; therefore, the determinant factor market prices of these oils.  
The amount of caustic soda needed for this process is;
Amount of caustic soda = 0.7 X saponification value/ one gram of oil
Here the use of average saponification value is very important: That is, the saponification value of vegetable tallow, coconut oil, and either one of the three soft oils. In this case, I choose cotton seed oil to illustrate my point.
{195 + 264 + 195}/3 = 218
But in the question, the amount of blended oil is 5000g. Therefore substituting this in the above equation gives;
Amount of caustic soda = (0.7 X 218 X 5000/1000) = 763 grams.
If you have any question regarding this, just comment I will answer them best to my knowledge.



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