appreciating the world of chemistry and biochemistry : Know what lipstick is composed of!!

appreciating the world of chemistry and biochemistry : Know what lipstick is composed of!!: Lipstick is a cosmetic people apply on their lips to promote attractiveness. But what does it is made up of? it is composed of insoluble dye...

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Roles of Sodium Carbonate when Extracting Caffeine from Tea Leaves

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A student failed to add sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) when extracting caffeine from tea leaves with hot water. Though, high yield of caffeine was produced. The crystals melted at temperatures between 202  and 214 degree  Celsius. Explain. This happened because sodium carbonate did not interfere with the caffeine content of the tea leaves. Sodium carbonate (which is a base) deprotonates the phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) (acidic) of tannins rendering them anionic. Hence, making them highly soluble in water, but parsimoniously soluble in methylene chloride. So, if sodium carbonate is not added when extracting caffeine with hot water, the extracted caffeine would also contain tannins. Additionally, sodium carbonate is added during the extraction to keep caffeine (an alkaloid which is an organic base)  in a free base form. It prevents caffeine from reacting with available acid available, which may lead to the formation cation. It reacts with a phenolic h...
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TVET CDACC Assessment in Kenya: A Complete Guide for Trainees and Trainers

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  Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has become an important pathway for Kenyans seeking practical skills, professional qualifications, and better employment or self-employment opportunities. One of the key institutions involved in the assessment and certification of TVET trainees is the TVET Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council (TVET CDACC) . However, many trainees and trainers do not know how TVET CDACC assessments work, who qualifies to sit for them, how assessments are conducted, or what happens after completion. This guide explains the TVET CDACC assessment process in Kenya in simple, practical terms. Get Free and Premium TVET Resources What Is TVET CDACC? The TVET Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council (TVET CDACC) is a Kenyan state corporation responsible for developing competency-based curricula, assessing candidates, and awarding certificates and diplomas to individuals who demonstrate the required competen...
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How Kenya Can Increase Access to Subsidized Fertilizer and Certified Maize Seeds for Smallholder Farmers

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  Access to affordable agricultural inputs remains a key factor affecting food production, farm profitability, and food security in Kenya. For thousands of smallholder farmers, the cost and availability of fertilizer and certified maize seeds can determine whether they achieve a good harvest or struggle with low agricultural productivity. Through its agricultural transformation agenda, the Kenyan Government has introduced measures to reduce the cost of farm inputs and improve agricultural productivity. The Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA) places agriculture among the key sectors for increasing productivity, incomes and economic opportunities. The Government has also been expanding fertilizer distribution beyond traditional depots through partnerships involving counties, cooperatives and agro-vet outlets. For example,  in the 2025 long-rains  fertilizer programme, the Ministry of Agriculture announced plans to increase outlets and use e-vouchers to enable re...
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